@article {253,
	title = {Increasing the homogeneity of CAT{\textquoteright}s item-exposure rates by minimizing or maximizing varied target functions while assembling shadow tests},
	journal = {Journal of Educational Measurement},
	volume = {42},
	number = {3},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {245-269},
	publisher = {Blackwell Publishing: United Kingdom},
	abstract = {A computerized adaptive testing (CAT) algorithm that has the potential to increase the homogeneity of CATs item-exposure rates without significantly sacrificing the precision of ability estimates was proposed and assessed in the shadow-test (van der Linden \& Reese, 1998) CAT context. This CAT algorithm was formed by a combination of maximizing or minimizing varied target functions while assembling shadow tests. There were four target functions to be separately used in the first, second, third, and fourth quarter test of CAT. The elements to be used in the four functions were associated with (a) a random number assigned to each item, (b) the absolute difference between an examinee{\textquoteright}s current ability estimate and an item difficulty, (c) the absolute difference between an examinee{\textquoteright}s current ability estimate and an optimum item difficulty, and (d) item information. The results indicated that this combined CAT fully utilized all the items in the pool, reduced the maximum exposure rates, and achieved more homogeneous exposure rates. Moreover, its precision in recovering ability estimates was similar to that of the maximum item-information method. The combined CAT method resulted in the best overall results compared with the other individual CAT item-selection methods. The findings from the combined CAT are encouraging. Future uses are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2007 APA, all rights reserved)},
	keywords = {algorithm, computerized adaptive testing, item exposure rate, shadow test, varied target function},
	isbn = {0022-0655 (Print)},
	author = {Li, Y. H. and Schafer, W. D.}
}
@article {252,
	title = {Trait parameter recovery using multidimensional computerized adaptive testing in reading and mathematics},
	journal = {Applied Psychological Measurement},
	volume = {29},
	number = {1},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {3-25},
	abstract = {Under a multidimensional item response theory (MIRT) computerized adaptive testing (CAT) testing scenario, a trait estimate (θ) in onedimension will provide clues for subsequentlyseeking a solution in other dimensions. Thisfeature may enhance the efficiency of MIRT CAT{\textquoteright}s item selection and its scoring algorithms compared with its counterpart, the unidimensional CAT (UCAT). The present study used existing Reading and Math test data to generate simulated item parameters. A confirmatory item factor analysis model was applied to the data using NOHARM to produce interpretable MIRT item parameters. Results showed that MIRT CAT, conditional on theconstraints, was quite capable of producing accurate estimates on both measures. Compared with UCAT, MIRT CAT slightly increased the accuracy of both trait estimates, especially for the low-level or high-level trait examinees in both measures, and reduced the rate of unused items in the item pool. Index terms: computerized adaptive testing (CAT), item response theory (IRT), dimensionality, 0-1 linear programming, constraints, item exposure, reading assessment, mathematics assessment. },
	isbn = {0146-6216},
	author = {Li, Y. H.}
}
@conference {1014,
	title = {The context effects of multidimensional CAT on the accuracy of multidimensional abilities and the item exposure rates},
	booktitle = {Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association},
	year = {2004},
	note = {{Incomplete PDF file, 202 KB}},
	address = {San Diego CA},
	author = {Li, Y. H. and Schafer, W. D.}
}
@conference {1010,
	title = {Accuracy of reading and mathematics ability estimates under the shadow-test constraint MCAT},
	booktitle = {Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association},
	year = {2003},
	address = {Chicago IL},
	author = {Li, Y. H. and Schafer, W. D.}
}
@conference {1012,
	title = {The effect of item selection method on the variability of CAT{\textquoteright}s ability estimates when item parameters are contaminated with measurement errors},
	booktitle = {Paper presented at the Annual meeting of the National Council on Measurement in Education},
	year = {2003},
	note = {{PDF file, 275 KB}},
	address = {Chicago IL},
	author = {Li, Y. H. and Schafer, W. D.}
}
@conference {1013,
	title = {Increasing the homogeneity of CAT{\textquoteright}s item-exposure rates by minimizing or maximizing varied target functions while assembling shadow tests},
	booktitle = {Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association},
	year = {2003},
	note = {(PDF file, 418 K},
	address = {Chicago IL},
	author = {Li, Y. H. and Schafer, W. D.}
}
@conference {1011,
	title = {Multidimensional computerized adaptive testing in recovering reading and mathematics abilities},
	booktitle = {Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association},
	year = {2003},
	note = {{PDF file, 592 KB}},
	address = {Chicago, IL},
	author = {Li, Y. H. and Schafer, W. D.}
}
@conference {1015,
	title = {Accuracy of the ability estimate and the item exposure rate under multidimensional adaptive testing with item constraints},
	booktitle = {Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association},
	year = {2002},
	note = {$\#$LI02-01},
	address = {New Orleans LA},
	author = {Li, Y. H. and Yu, N. Y.}
}
@booklet {1439,
	title = {MIRTCAT [computer software]},
	year = {2002},
	address = {Upper Marlboro MD: Author},
	author = {Li, Y. H.}
}
