@article {77,
	title = {The maximum priority index method for severely constrained item selection in computerized adaptive testing},
	journal = {British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology},
	volume = {62},
	number = {2},
	year = {2009},
	note = {Cheng, YingChang, Hua-HuaResearch Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}tEnglandThe British journal of mathematical and statistical psychologyBr J Math Stat Psychol. 2009 May;62(Pt 2):369-83. Epub 2008 Jun 2.},
	month = {May},
	pages = {369-83},
	edition = {2008/06/07},
	abstract = {This paper introduces a new heuristic approach, the maximum priority index (MPI) method, for severely constrained item selection in computerized adaptive testing. Our simulation study shows that it is able to accommodate various non-statistical constraints simultaneously, such as content balancing, exposure control, answer key balancing, and so on. Compared with the weighted deviation modelling method, it leads to fewer constraint violations and better exposure control while maintaining the same level of measurement precision.},
	keywords = {Aptitude Tests/*statistics \& numerical data, Diagnosis, Computer-Assisted/*statistics \& numerical data, Educational Measurement/*statistics \& numerical data, Humans, Mathematical Computing, Models, Statistical, Personality Tests/*statistics \& numerical data, Psychometrics/*statistics \& numerical data, Reproducibility of Results, Software},
	isbn = {0007-1102 (Print)0007-1102 (Linking)},
	author = {Cheng, Y and Chang, Hua-Hua}
}
@article {394,
	title = {Are we ready for computerized adaptive testing?},
	journal = {Psychiatric Services},
	volume = {59},
	number = {4},
	year = {2008},
	note = {Unick, George JShumway, MarthaHargreaves, WilliamCommentUnited StatesPsychiatric services (Washington, D.C.)Psychiatr Serv. 2008 Apr;59(4):369.},
	month = {Apr},
	pages = {369},
	edition = {2008/04/02},
	keywords = {*Attitude of Health Personnel, *Diagnosis, Computer-Assisted/instrumentation, Humans, Mental Disorders/*diagnosis, Software},
	isbn = {1075-2730 (Print)1075-2730 (Linking)},
	author = {Unick, G. J. and Shumway, M. and Hargreaves, W.}
}
@article {293,
	title = {The NAPLEX: evolution, purpose, scope, and educational implications},
	journal = {American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education},
	volume = {72},
	number = {2},
	year = {2008},
	note = {Newton, David WBoyle, MariaCatizone, Carmen AHistorical ArticleUnited StatesAmerican journal of pharmaceutical educationAm J Pharm Educ. 2008 Apr 15;72(2):33.},
	month = {Apr 15},
	pages = {33},
	edition = {2008/05/17},
	abstract = {Since 2004, passing the North American Pharmacist Licensure Examination (NAPLEX) has been a requirement for earning initial pharmacy licensure in all 50 United States. The creation and evolution from 1952-2005 of the particular pharmacy competency testing areas and quantities of questions are described for the former paper-and-pencil National Association of Boards of Pharmacy Licensure Examination (NABPLEX) and the current candidate-specific computer adaptive NAPLEX pharmacy licensure examinations. A 40\% increase in the weighting of NAPLEX Blueprint Area 2 in May 2005, compared to that in the preceding 1997-2005 Blueprint, has implications for candidates{\textquoteright} NAPLEX performance and associated curricular content and instruction. New pharmacy graduates{\textquoteright} scores on the NAPLEX are neither intended nor validated to serve as a criterion for assessing or judging the quality or effectiveness of pharmacy curricula and instruction. The newest cycle of NAPLEX Blueprint revision, a continual process to ensure representation of nationwide contemporary practice, began in early 2008. It may take up to 2 years, including surveying several thousand national pharmacists, to complete.},
	keywords = {*Educational Measurement, Education, Pharmacy/*standards, History, 20th Century, History, 21st Century, Humans, Licensure, Pharmacy/history/*legislation \& jurisprudence, North America, Pharmacists/*legislation \& jurisprudence, Software},
	isbn = {1553-6467 (Electronic)0002-9459 (Linking)},
	author = {Newton, D. W. and Boyle, M. and Catizone, C. A.}
}
@article {71,
	title = {Predicting item exposure parameters in computerized adaptive testing},
	journal = {British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology},
	volume = {61},
	number = {1},
	year = {2008},
	note = {Chen, Shu-YingDoong, Shing-HwangResearch Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}tEnglandThe British journal of mathematical and statistical psychologyBr J Math Stat Psychol. 2008 May;61(Pt 1):75-91.},
	month = {May},
	pages = {75-91},
	edition = {2008/05/17},
	abstract = {The purpose of this study is to find a formula that describes the relationship between item exposure parameters and item parameters in computerized adaptive tests by using genetic programming (GP) - a biologically inspired artificial intelligence technique. Based on the formula, item exposure parameters for new parallel item pools can be predicted without conducting additional iterative simulations. Results show that an interesting formula between item exposure parameters and item parameters in a pool can be found by using GP. The item exposure parameters predicted based on the found formula were close to those observed from the Sympson and Hetter (1985) procedure and performed well in controlling item exposure rates. Similar results were observed for the Stocking and Lewis (1998) multinomial model for item selection and the Sympson and Hetter procedure with content balancing. The proposed GP approach has provided a knowledge-based solution for finding item exposure parameters.},
	keywords = {*Algorithms, *Artificial Intelligence, Aptitude Tests/*statistics \& numerical data, Diagnosis, Computer-Assisted/*statistics \& numerical data, Humans, Models, Statistical, Psychometrics/statistics \& numerical data, Reproducibility of Results, Software},
	isbn = {0007-1102 (Print)0007-1102 (Linking)},
	author = {Chen, S-Y. and Doong, S. H.}
}
@article {52,
	title = {Improving patient reported outcomes using item response theory and computerized adaptive testing},
	journal = {Journal of Rheumatology},
	volume = {34},
	number = {6},
	year = {2007},
	note = {Chakravarty, Eliza FBjorner, Jakob BFries, James FAr052158/ar/niamsConsensus Development ConferenceResearch Support, N.I.H., ExtramuralCanadaThe Journal of rheumatologyJ Rheumatol. 2007 Jun;34(6):1426-31.},
	month = {Jun},
	pages = {1426-31},
	edition = {2007/06/07},
	abstract = {OBJECTIVE: Patient reported outcomes (PRO) are considered central outcome measures for both clinical trials and observational studies in rheumatology. More sophisticated statistical models, including item response theory (IRT) and computerized adaptive testing (CAT), will enable critical evaluation and reconstruction of currently utilized PRO instruments to improve measurement precision while reducing item burden on the individual patient. METHODS: We developed a domain hierarchy encompassing the latent trait of physical function/disability from the more general to most specific. Items collected from 165 English-language instruments were evaluated by a structured process including trained raters, modified Delphi expert consensus, and then patient evaluation. Each item in the refined data bank will undergo extensive analysis using IRT to evaluate response functions and measurement precision. CAT will allow for real-time questionnaires of potentially smaller numbers of questions tailored directly to each individual{\textquoteright}s level of physical function. RESULTS: Physical function/disability domain comprises 4 subdomains: upper extremity, trunk, lower extremity, and complex activities. Expert and patient review led to consensus favoring use of present-tense "capability" questions using a 4- or 5-item Likert response construct over past-tense "performance"items. Floor and ceiling effects, attribution of disability, and standardization of response categories were also addressed. CONCLUSION: By applying statistical techniques of IRT through use of CAT, existing PRO instruments may be improved to reduce questionnaire burden on the individual patients while increasing measurement precision that may ultimately lead to reduced sample size requirements for costly clinical trials.},
	keywords = {*Rheumatic Diseases/physiopathology/psychology, Clinical Trials, Data Interpretation, Statistical, Disability Evaluation, Health Surveys, Humans, International Cooperation, Outcome Assessment (Health Care)/*methods, Patient Participation/*methods, Research Design/*trends, Software},
	isbn = {0315-162X (Print)},
	author = {Chakravarty, E. F. and Bjorner, J. B. and Fries, J.F.}
}
@article {172,
	title = {Computer adaptive testing improved accuracy and precision of scores over random item selection in a physical functioning item bank},
	journal = {Journal of Clinical Epidemiology},
	volume = {59},
	number = {11},
	year = {2006},
	note = {Haley, Stephen MNi, PengshengHambleton, Ronald KSlavin, Mary DJette, Alan MK02 hd45354-01/hd/nichdR01 hd043568/hd/nichdComparative StudyResearch Support, N.I.H., ExtramuralResearch Support, U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, Non-P.H.S.EnglandJournal of clinical epidemiologyJ Clin Epidemiol. 2006 Nov;59(11):1174-82. Epub 2006 Jul 11.},
	month = {Nov},
	pages = {1174-82},
	edition = {2006/10/10},
	abstract = {BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Measuring physical functioning (PF) within and across postacute settings is critical for monitoring outcomes of rehabilitation; however, most current instruments lack sufficient breadth and feasibility for widespread use. Computer adaptive testing (CAT), in which item selection is tailored to the individual patient, holds promise for reducing response burden, yet maintaining measurement precision. We calibrated a PF item bank via item response theory (IRT), administered items with a post hoc CAT design, and determined whether CAT would improve accuracy and precision of score estimates over random item selection. METHODS: 1,041 adults were interviewed during postacute care rehabilitation episodes in either hospital or community settings. Responses for 124 PF items were calibrated using IRT methods to create a PF item bank. We examined the accuracy and precision of CAT-based scores compared to a random selection of items. RESULTS: CAT-based scores had higher correlations with the IRT-criterion scores, especially with short tests, and resulted in narrower confidence intervals than scores based on a random selection of items; gains, as expected, were especially large for low and high performing adults. CONCLUSION: The CAT design may have important precision and efficiency advantages for point-of-care functional assessment in rehabilitation practice settings.},
	keywords = {*Recovery of Function, Activities of Daily Living, Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Confidence Intervals, Factor Analysis, Statistical, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Outcome Assessment (Health Care)/*methods, Rehabilitation/*standards, Reproducibility of Results, Software},
	isbn = {0895-4356 (Print)},
	author = {Haley, S. M. and Ni, P. and Hambleton, R. K. and Slavin, M. D. and Jette, A. M.}
}
@article {147,
	title = {Computerized adaptive measurement of depression: A simulation study},
	journal = {BMC Psychiatry},
	volume = {4},
	number = {1},
	year = {2004},
	pages = {13-23},
	abstract = {Background: Efficient, accurate instruments for measuring depression are increasingly importantin clinical practice. We developed a computerized adaptive version of the Beck DepressionInventory (BDI). We examined its efficiency and its usefulness in identifying Major DepressiveEpisodes (MDE) and in measuring depression severity.Methods: Subjects were 744 participants in research studies in which each subject completed boththe BDI and the SCID. In addition, 285 patients completed the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale.Results: The adaptive BDI had an AUC as an indicator of a SCID diagnosis of MDE of 88\%,equivalent to the full BDI. The adaptive BDI asked fewer questions than the full BDI (5.6 versus 21items). The adaptive latent depression score correlated r = .92 with the BDI total score and thelatent depression score correlated more highly with the Hamilton (r = .74) than the BDI total scoredid (r = .70).Conclusions: Adaptive testing for depression may provide greatly increased efficiency withoutloss of accuracy in identifying MDE or in measuring depression severity.},
	keywords = {*Computer Simulation, Adult, Algorithms, Area Under Curve, Comparative Study, Depressive Disorder/*diagnosis/epidemiology/psychology, Diagnosis, Computer-Assisted/*methods/statistics \& numerical data, Factor Analysis, Statistical, Female, Humans, Internet, Male, Mass Screening/methods, Patient Selection, Personality Inventory/*statistics \& numerical data, Pilot Projects, Prevalence, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales/*statistics \& numerical data, Psychometrics, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, Research Support, U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, P.H.S., Severity of Illness Index, Software},
	author = {Gardner, W. and Shear, K. and Kelleher, K. J. and Pajer, K. A. and Mammen, O. and Buysse, D. and Frank, E.}
}
@article {30,
	title = {Calibration of an item pool for assessing the burden of headaches: an application of item response theory to the Headache Impact Test (HIT)},
	journal = {Quality of Life Research},
	volume = {12},
	number = {8},
	year = {2003},
	note = {0962-9343Journal Article},
	pages = {913-933},
	abstract = {BACKGROUND: Measurement of headache impact is important in clinical trials, case detection, and the clinical monitoring of patients. Computerized adaptive testing (CAT) of headache impact has potential advantages over traditional fixed-length tests in terms of precision, relevance, real-time quality control and flexibility. OBJECTIVE: To develop an item pool that can be used for a computerized adaptive test of headache impact. METHODS: We analyzed responses to four well-known tests of headache impact from a population-based sample of recent headache sufferers (n = 1016). We used confirmatory factor analysis for categorical data and analyses based on item response theory (IRT). RESULTS: In factor analyses, we found very high correlations between the factors hypothesized by the original test constructers, both within and between the original questionnaires. These results suggest that a single score of headache impact is sufficient. We established a pool of 47 items which fitted the generalized partial credit IRT model. By simulating a computerized adaptive health test we showed that an adaptive test of only five items had a very high concordance with the score based on all items and that different worst-case item selection scenarios did not lead to bias. CONCLUSION: We have established a headache impact item pool that can be used in CAT of headache impact.},
	keywords = {*Cost of Illness, *Decision Support Techniques, *Sickness Impact Profile, Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Comparative Study, Disability Evaluation, Factor Analysis, Statistical, Headache/*psychology, Health Surveys, Human, Longitudinal Studies, Middle Aged, Migraine/psychology, Models, Psychological, Psychometrics/*methods, Quality of Life/*psychology, Software, Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t},
	author = {Bjorner, J. B. and Kosinski, M. and Ware, J. E., Jr.}
}
@article {21,
	title = {NCLEX-RN performance: predicting success on the computerized examination},
	journal = {Journal of Professional Nursing},
	volume = {17},
	number = {4},
	year = {2001},
	note = {8755-7223Journal Article},
	month = {Jul-Aug},
	pages = {158-165},
	abstract = {Since the adoption of the Computerized Adaptive Testing (CAT) format of the National Certification Licensure Examination for Registered Nurses (NCLEX-RN), no studies have been reported in the literature on predictors of successful performance by baccalaureate nursing graduates on the licensure examination. In this study, a discriminant analysis was used to identify which of 21 variables can be significant predictors of success on the CAT NCLEX-RN. The convenience sample consisted of 289 individuals who graduated from a baccalaureate nursing program between 1995 and 1998. Seven significant predictor variables were identified. The total number of C+ or lower grades earned in nursing theory courses was the best predictor, followed by grades in several individual nursing courses. More than 93 per cent of graduates were correctly classified. Ninety-four per cent of NCLEX "passes" were correctly classified, as were 92 per cent of NCLEX failures. This degree of accuracy in classifying CAT NCLEX-RN failures represents a marked improvement over results reported in previous studies of licensure examinations, and suggests the discriminant function will be helpful in identifying future students in danger of failure. J Prof Nurs 17:158-165, 2001.},
	keywords = {*Education, Nursing, Baccalaureate, *Educational Measurement, *Licensure, Adult, Female, Humans, Male, Predictive Value of Tests, Software},
	author = {Beeman, P. B. and Waterhouse, J. K.}
}
