@article {29,
	title = {Developing tailored instruments: item banking and computerized adaptive assessment},
	journal = {Quality of Life Research},
	volume = {16},
	number = {Suppl 1},
	year = {2007},
	note = {Bjorner, Jakob BueChang, Chih-HungThissen, DavidReeve, Bryce B1R43NS047763-01/NS/United States NINDSAG015815/AG/United States NIAResearch Support, N.I.H., ExtramuralNetherlandsQuality of life research : an international journal of quality of life aspects of treatment, care and rehabilitationQual Life Res. 2007;16 Suppl 1:95-108. Epub 2007 Feb 15.},
	pages = {95-108},
	edition = {2007/05/29},
	abstract = {Item banks and Computerized Adaptive Testing (CAT) have the potential to greatly improve the assessment of health outcomes. This review describes the unique features of item banks and CAT and discusses how to develop item banks. In CAT, a computer selects the items from an item bank that are most relevant for and informative about the particular respondent; thus optimizing test relevance and precision. Item response theory (IRT) provides the foundation for selecting the items that are most informative for the particular respondent and for scoring responses on a common metric. The development of an item bank is a multi-stage process that requires a clear definition of the construct to be measured, good items, a careful psychometric analysis of the items, and a clear specification of the final CAT. The psychometric analysis needs to evaluate the assumptions of the IRT model such as unidimensionality and local independence; that the items function the same way in different subgroups of the population; and that there is an adequate fit between the data and the chosen item response models. Also, interpretation guidelines need to be established to help the clinical application of the assessment. Although medical research can draw upon expertise from educational testing in the development of item banks and CAT, the medical field also encounters unique opportunities and challenges.},
	keywords = {*Health Status, *Health Status Indicators, *Mental Health, *Outcome Assessment (Health Care), *Quality of Life, *Questionnaires, *Software, Algorithms, Factor Analysis, Statistical, Humans, Models, Statistical, Psychometrics},
	isbn = {0962-9343 (Print)},
	author = {Bjorner, J. B. and Chang, C-H. and Thissen, D. and Reeve, B. B.}
}
@article {86,
	title = {IRT health outcomes data analysis project: an overview and summary},
	journal = {Quality of Life Research},
	volume = {16},
	number = {Suppl. 1},
	year = {2007},
	note = {Cook, Karon FTeal, Cayla RBjorner, Jakob BCella, DavidChang, Chih-HungCrane, Paul KGibbons, Laura EHays, Ron DMcHorney, Colleen AOcepek-Welikson, KatjaRaczek, Anastasia ETeresi, Jeanne AReeve, Bryce B1U01AR52171-01/AR/United States NIAMSR01 (CA60068)/CA/United States NCIY1-PC-3028-01/PC/United States NCIResearch Support, N.I.H., ExtramuralNetherlandsQuality of life research : an international journal of quality of life aspects of treatment, care and rehabilitationQual Life Res. 2007;16 Suppl 1:121-32. Epub 2007 Mar 10.},
	pages = {121-132},
	edition = {2007/03/14},
	abstract = {BACKGROUND: In June 2004, the National Cancer Institute and the Drug Information Association co-sponsored the conference, "Improving the Measurement of Health Outcomes through the Applications of Item Response Theory (IRT) Modeling: Exploration of Item Banks and Computer-Adaptive Assessment." A component of the conference was presentation of a psychometric and content analysis of a secondary dataset. OBJECTIVES: A thorough psychometric and content analysis was conducted of two primary domains within a cancer health-related quality of life (HRQOL) dataset. RESEARCH DESIGN: HRQOL scales were evaluated using factor analysis for categorical data, IRT modeling, and differential item functioning analyses. In addition, computerized adaptive administration of HRQOL item banks was simulated, and various IRT models were applied and compared. SUBJECTS: The original data were collected as part of the NCI-funded Quality of Life Evaluation in Oncology (Q-Score) Project. A total of 1,714 patients with cancer or HIV/AIDS were recruited from 5 clinical sites. MEASURES: Items from 4 HRQOL instruments were evaluated: Cancer Rehabilitation Evaluation System-Short Form, European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire, Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy and Medical Outcomes Study Short-Form Health Survey. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: Four lessons learned from the project are discussed: the importance of good developmental item banks, the ambiguity of model fit results, the limits of our knowledge regarding the practical implications of model misfit, and the importance in the measurement of HRQOL of construct definition. With respect to these lessons, areas for future research are suggested. The feasibility of developing item banks for broad definitions of health is discussed.},
	keywords = {*Data Interpretation, Statistical, *Health Status, *Quality of Life, *Questionnaires, *Software, Female, HIV Infections/psychology, Humans, Male, Neoplasms/psychology, Outcome Assessment (Health Care)/*methods, Psychometrics, Stress, Psychological},
	isbn = {0962-9343 (Print)},
	author = {Cook, K. F. and Teal, C. R. and Bjorner, J. B. and Cella, D. and Chang, C-H. and Crane, P. K. and Gibbons, L. E. and Hays, R. D. and McHorney, C. A. and Ocepek-Welikson, K. and Raczek, A. E. and Teresi, J. A. and Reeve, B. B.}
}
@article {53,
	title = {Patient-reported outcomes measurement and management with innovative methodologies and technologies},
	journal = {Quality of Life Research},
	volume = {16 Suppl 1},
	year = {2007},
	note = {Chang, Chih-HungR21CA113191/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United StatesResearch Support, N.I.H., ExtramuralNetherlandsQuality of life research : an international journal of quality of life aspects of treatment, care and rehabilitationQual Life Res. 2007;16 Suppl 1:157-66. Epub 2007 May 26.},
	pages = {157-66},
	edition = {2007/05/29},
	abstract = {Successful integration of modern psychometrics and advanced informatics in patient-reported outcomes (PRO) measurement and management can potentially maximize the value of health outcomes research and optimize the delivery of quality patient care. Unlike the traditional labor-intensive paper-and-pencil data collection method, item response theory-based computerized adaptive testing methodologies coupled with novel technologies provide an integrated environment to collect, analyze and present ready-to-use PRO data for informed and shared decision-making. This article describes the needs, challenges and solutions for accurate, efficient and cost-effective PRO data acquisition and dissemination means in order to provide critical and timely PRO information necessary to actively support and enhance routine patient care in busy clinical settings.},
	keywords = {*Health Status, *Outcome Assessment (Health Care), *Quality of Life, *Software, Computer Systems/*trends, Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act, Humans, Patient Satisfaction, Questionnaires, United States},
	isbn = {0962-9343 (Print)0962-9343 (Linking)},
	author = {Chang, C-H.}
}
@article {54,
	title = {A system for interactive assessment and management in palliative care},
	journal = {Journal of Pain Symptom Management},
	volume = {33},
	number = {6},
	year = {2007},
	note = {Chang, Chih-HungBoni-Saenz, Alexander ADurazo-Arvizu, Ramon ADesHarnais, SusanLau, Denys TEmanuel, Linda LR21CA113191/CA/United States NCIResearch Support, N.I.H., ExtramuralReviewUnited StatesJournal of pain and symptom managementJ Pain Symptom Manage. 2007 Jun;33(6):745-55. Epub 2007 Mar 23.},
	pages = {745-55},
	edition = {2007/03/16},
	abstract = {The availability of psychometrically sound and clinically relevant screening, diagnosis, and outcome evaluation tools is essential to high-quality palliative care assessment and management. Such data will enable us to improve patient evaluations, prognoses, and treatment selections, and to increase patient satisfaction and quality of life. To accomplish these goals, medical care needs more precise, efficient, and comprehensive tools for data acquisition, analysis, interpretation, and management. We describe a system for interactive assessment and management in palliative care (SIAM-PC), which is patient centered, model driven, database derived, evidence based, and technology assisted. The SIAM-PC is designed to reliably measure the multiple dimensions of patients{\textquoteright} needs for palliative care, and then to provide information to clinicians, patients, and the patients{\textquoteright} families to achieve optimal patient care, while improving our capacity for doing palliative care research. This system is innovative in its application of the state-of-the-science approaches, such as item response theory and computerized adaptive testing, to many of the significant clinical problems related to palliative care.},
	keywords = {*Needs Assessment, Humans, Medical Informatics/*organization \& administration, Palliative Care/*organization \& administration},
	isbn = {0885-3924 (Print)},
	author = {Chang, C-H. and Boni-Saenz, A. A. and Durazo-Arvizu, R. A. and DesHarnais, S. and Lau, D. T. and Emanuel, L. L.}
}
@article {238,
	title = {Item banking to improve, shorten and computerized self-reported fatigue: an illustration of steps to create a core item bank from the FACIT-Fatigue Scale},
	journal = {Quality of Life Research},
	volume = {12},
	number = {5},
	year = {2003},
	note = {0962-9343Journal Article},
	month = {Aug},
	pages = {485-501},
	abstract = {Fatigue is a common symptom among cancer patients and the general population. Due to its subjective nature, fatigue has been difficult to effectively and efficiently assess. Modern computerized adaptive testing (CAT) can enable precise assessment of fatigue using a small number of items from a fatigue item bank. CAT enables brief assessment by selecting questions from an item bank that provide the maximum amount of information given a person{\textquoteright}s previous responses. This article illustrates steps to prepare such an item bank, using 13 items from the Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy Fatigue Subscale (FACIT-F) as the basis. Samples included 1022 cancer patients and 1010 people from the general population. An Item Response Theory (IRT)-based rating scale model, a polytomous extension of the Rasch dichotomous model was utilized. Nine items demonstrating acceptable psychometric properties were selected and positioned on the fatigue continuum. The fatigue levels measured by these nine items along with their response categories covered 66.8\% of the general population and 82.6\% of the cancer patients. Although the operational CAT algorithms to handle polytomously scored items are still in progress, we illustrated how CAT may work by using nine core items to measure level of fatigue. Using this illustration, a fatigue measure comparable to its full-length 13-item scale administration was obtained using four items. The resulting item bank can serve as a core to which will be added a psychometrically sound and operational item bank covering the entire fatigue continuum.},
	keywords = {*Health Status Indicators, *Questionnaires, Adult, Fatigue/*diagnosis/etiology, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Neoplasms/complications, Psychometrics, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, Research Support, U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, P.H.S., Sickness Impact Profile},
	author = {Lai, J-S. and Crane, P. K. and Cella, D. and Chang, C-H. and Bode, R. K. and Heinemann, A. W.}
}
